AFFIRMATIVE : | NEGATIVE: | INTERROGATIVE: | ||
S+V (+s / es – III sg.) | S+do / does+not +V | Do / Does+S+V? |
AFFIRMATIVE : | NEGATIVE: | INTERROGATIVE: |
Ng. Long form | | Ng. Short form | ||||
I read | I do not read | I don´t read | Do I read? | |||
You read | You do not read | You don´t read | Do you read? | |||
He reads | He does not read | He doesn´t read | Does he read? | |||
She reads | She does not read | She doesn´t read | Does she read? | |||
It reads | It does not read | It doesn´t read | Does it read? | |||
We read | We do not read | We don´t read | Do we read? | |||
You read | You do not read | You don´t read | Do you read? | |||
They read | They do not read | They don´t read | Do they read? |
RULE | EXAMPLE |
Most verbs take –s in the third person singular. | I write – he writes |
Verbs ending in -ss, -ch,- sh, -x, -o add –es. | I miss – he misses I watch – he watches I brush – he brushes I mix – he mixes I go – he goes |
Verbs ending in a consonant+y drop the y and take–ies. | I try – he tries |
Verbs ending in vowel +y simply take –s. | I play – he plays |
1. | REPEATED ACTIONS or DAILY ROUTINES, often with adverbs of frequency such as: |
every day/week/month/year | I go to work every day. |
usually | He usually wakes up early. |
always | She always helps me. |
often | They often go to work by bus. |
rarely/seldom | We rarely drive to work. |
on Sundays etc. | They go shopping on Sundays. |
sometimes | He sometimes calls me in the morning. |
2. | PERMANENT STATES: | He works in Bucharest. |
3. | GENERAL TRUTH: | The sun sets in the west. |
4. | PROGRAMMES and TIMETABLES (trains, buses etc.): | The train leaves at 6 o´clock tomorrow. |
5. | HEADLINES: | ”Flying cars finally prepare for take-off” (https://www.ft.com/) |
6. | DECLARATIONS: | I bet you can help me! |
7. | INSTRUCTIONS: | ”Preheat your good quality, non stick pan. Once it’s hot, lower the heat down to low-medium heat. Wait about two minutes.” (https://cafedelites.com/) |
8. | ITINERARIES: | On the first day we visit the Eiffel Tower. |
9. | SUMMARIES OF EVENTS: | At the end of the movie both girls realise that they are as good friends as the characters in the film. |
10. | IN TEMPORAL AND CONDITIONAL CALUSES. After words such as: When as soon as until till we use present. if whether unless before etc. | I will call you when I get home. (Te voi suna când voi ajunge acasă.) She will tell you the truth if she meets you tomorrow. (Îți va spune adevărul dacă te va întâlni mâine.) |
always | usually | often | somentimes | rarely / seldom | never |
100% | 80% | 50% | 30% | 10% | 0% |
They go before the main verb:
They go after the verb ”to be”:
They go after auxiliary verbs (can, do etc.):
The adverbs rarely, seldom, never have a negative meaning and they are never used with the word not.